What is hell?
Simply put, hell is
eternity without God.
Fire and torment are
things we often associate with the concept of eternal damnation, and
they are indeed Biblical descriptions – Jesus Christ says, “there
will be weeping and gnashing of teeth” (Luke 12:38), and the
apostle John writes of his vision of the Judgment before the Great
White Throne, “anyone not found written in the Book of Life was
cast into the lake of fire” (Revelation 20:15). But what makes
hell truly hell is the complete and irrevocable absence of the love,
mercy, and Spirit of God.
In that respect, hell is
an extension of how one lived his or her life on Earth. So too is
eternal life in heaven. If a person gives their life to Christ and
lives and abides in Him in their temporary, mortal life, they will
share that same fellowship with Him, in His eternal
presence, in “a new heaven and a new earth” (Revelation
21:1). On the flip side of this coin, one who lived their mortal life
on Earth in an unrepentant state of disbelief and rejection of the
salvation offered to them by Jesus Christ, accomplished through His
blood on the cross, will continue to live without Him and the light
and love for which He once suffered to attain for them. This absence
of God's love is manifested in the form of everlasting agony. The
non-believer continues to have it their way – an existence without
God.
The phrase “hell was
not made for humans” is often used. This refers to Jesus’ words
about those who will be turned away from entering heaven. He
describes a place “prepared for the devil and his angels”
(Matthew 25:41). It’s not necessarily as if God has said, “let
there be a place of torment for people who don’t believe in Me.”
But even so, there remains a hideous place of everlasting anguish to
which the wicked and unbelieving will go.
Where is hell?
The caricature often
painted of hell is a pit at the center of the earth. In fact, many
Christians who lived during the first century and the years following
believed that Sodom and Gomorrah were still burning far below the
earth's surface.
But if we look at this
from the eternal viewpoint, we see that this cannot be the case.
Eternity for those who accepted Jesus Christ involves, again, “a
new heaven and a new earth” in the eternal city of New Jerusalem.
Being that the currently existing planets, galaxies, and their
elements will be no more when Jesus returns to judge all souls, hell
cannot exist under the earth's surface, not even in its very molten
core. So we must think of hell as another realm, so to speak, not
unlike the concepts of “Hades” or “the Netherworld.”
A notable difference
between the Biblical concept of hell and those of pagan religions is
that hell is not simply a “land of the dead” – not only will
the dead rise for the Judgment, but so too will those who are alive at the
unknown hour when Jesus Christ returns: “For we must all appear
before the judgment seat of Christ, that each one may receive the
things done in the body, according to what he has done, whether good
or bad” (2 Corinthians 5:10). Concerning the Lord's second
advent, the apostle Paul comforts believers who despaired at the
thought of their fellow believers who had died: “I do not want
you to be ignorant, brethren, concerning those who have fallen
asleep, lest you sorrow as others who have no hope. For if we believe
that Jesus died and rose again, even so God will bring with Him those
who sleep in Jesus. For this we say to you by the word of the Lord,
that we who are alive and remain until the coming of the Lord will by
no means precede those who are asleep. For the Lord Himself will
descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of an archangel, and
with the trumpet of God. And the dead in Christ will rise first. Then
we who are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in
the clouds to meet the Lord in the air” (1 Thessalonians
4:13-17).
This makes it clear that
Jesus' return will not be seen only by the dead, but by the living as
well.
A place of spiritual
torment exists while we on Earth still live. Jesus says just as much
in a harrowing tale He tells found in Luke, chapter 16, wherein He
describes what happens after the deaths of a sinful rich man and a
poor man named Lazarus. (This passage is often incorrectly thought of
as a parable, but unlike other parables, the text never indicates
that Jesus means this story as a fable or a metaphor, as the New
Testament so often does with His actual parables; it does not
conclude with Jesus Himself speaking a coda or summary of the parable
or its meaning, as that is found in the words of the people involved
in the story themselves – including one Jesus refers to by his
specific name rather than strictly “a certain beggar.”)
In this story, the
merciless rich man finds himself in fiery damnation. The rich man,
realizing he has no hope of escape, begs Abraham, to whom he speaks
from his agony, to send Lazarus to warn his brothers of this danger:
“'I beg you therefore, father, that you would send him to my
father’s house, for I have five brothers, that he may testify to
them, lest they also come to this place of torment.'”
(It is also worth noting
that Abraham tells the condemned rich man, “between us and you
there is a great gulf fixed, so that those who want to pass from here
to you cannot, nor can those from there pass to us”).
Who goes to hell?
The answer to this
question is not: gays, addicts, suicide victims, or saved people who
backslide or make mistakes.
It has often been
erroneously said that suicide in the “unpardonable sin.” This is
not true. The Biblical “unpardonable sin” cannot be committed today, as it
applied to the Pharisees in Jesus' generation who
attributed His power to demons rather than to God. Jesus proclaims,
and Mark commentates, in Mark 3:28-30: “'Assuredly, I say to
you, all sins will be forgiven the sons of men, and whatever
blasphemies they may utter; but he who blasphemes against the Holy
Spirit never has forgiveness, but is subject to eternal condemnation'
– because they said, 'He has an unclean spirit.'”
As that sin cannot be
committed today, as the Pharisees of that day are all dead, the
“unpardonable sin” is more of an unpardonable state – the state
of disbelief, the denial of Jesus Christ as the Son of God, the only
way to salvation. This rejection come by atheistic means, by the denial of Jesus through the worship of other, false gods, or empty-hearted or heretical use of His name (those who unrepentantly blaspheme God by teaching false
doctrines that are not found in Scripture, those who twist and
distort God's word and teach lies. Revelation 22:15 mentions “whoever
loves and practices a lie” as among those who are “outside”
New Jerusalem).
It should be noted that
when “sinners” are mentioned as those condemned to hell, this
refers to unrepentant sinners: those whose flagrant disregard for
God's warning attempts to make a mockery of His commands; those who
have been rebuked and taught many times, but deny that God is against
their doings and continue in them with abandon and delight.
Those who use the name
of Jesus in an empty and insincere manner for personal gain, but
whose hearts are far from Him, will find themselves in hell.
Jesus declared, “Hypocrites!
Well did Isaiah prophesy about you, saying: ‘These people draw near
to Me with their mouth, and honor Me with their lips, but their heart
is far from Me. And in vain they worship Me, teaching as doctrines
the commandments of men’” (Matthew
15:7-8).
Jesus describes those who emptily use His name but do not heed His
commandments, and what awaits them at the final Judgment: ““Then
He will also say to those on the left hand, ‘Depart from Me, you
cursed, into the everlasting fire prepared for the devil and his
angels: for I was hungry and you gave Me no food; I was thirsty and
you gave Me no drink; I was a stranger and you did not take Me in,
naked” and you did not clothe Me, sick and in prison and you did
not visit Me.’ “Then they also will answer Him, saying, ‘Lord,
when did we see You hungry or thirsty or a stranger or naked or sick
or in prison, and did not minister to You?’ Then He will answer
them, saying, ‘Assuredly, I say to you, inasmuch as you did not do
it to one of the least of these, you did not do it to Me.’ And
these will go away into everlasting punishment, but the righteous
into eternal life”” (Matthew
25:41-46).
How can a spirit
feel physical agony?
This question comes from
our limited perception of spiritual things. We cannot help this
limitation as we are in our current condition, spiritual but bound by flesh and elements, though we look forward to a day when we
will be free of our earthly limitations and understand wonders and
mysteries of God. As Paul writes, “For now we see in a mirror,
dimly, but then face to face. Now I know in part, but then I shall
know just as I also am known” (1 Corinthians 13:12).
Paul later writes,
concerning this dichotomy and rigor of living spiritual lives in
physical bodies, “For we know that if our earthly house, this
tent, is destroyed, we have a building from God, a house not made
with hands, eternal in the heavens. For in this we groan, earnestly
desiring to be clothed with our habitation which is from heaven, if
indeed, having been clothed, we shall not be found naked. For we who
are in this tent groan, being burdened, not because we want to be
unclothed, but further clothed, that mortality may be swallowed up by
life. Now He who has prepared us for this very thing is God, who also
has given us the Spirit as a guarantee” (2 Corinthians 4:1-5).
We, being so used to
thinking of things physically and materially, are often baffled by
the idea of a spirit – in theory not limited to physical things –
experiencing pain. Pain, which we only know in physical and
psychological ways. But we forget that torment is not limited to the
physical. Think of the worst emotional times of your life. Did it not
feel as though something deeper than just a psychological, chemical
reaction was happening? Did it not feel as though your very being
was held in the grip of pain? Did you find yourself thinking a
physical ailment would be a relief compared to your sorrows, regrets,
fears, and anxieties?
Think of this and multiply it by eternity.
As previously mentioned,
what makes hell truly hell is the permanent absence of God. And that
would truly render any soul in a state of eternal agony.
If there are already
people in hell,
why will they be
judged again?
Much like the heaven
that exists now, the hell that exists now is not the “ultimate
version.” Jesus tells the believing thief who was crucified with
Him, “Assuredly, I say to you, today you will be with Me in
Paradise” (Luke 23:43). In the aforementioned story of the rich
man and Lazarus, He describes in beautiful terms what happened to
Lazarus upon his death: “So it was that the beggar died, and was
carried by the angels to Abraham’s bosom” (Luke 16:22). This
is a "temporary heaven," so to speak, that will be immensely overshadowed by the
final residence of those saved by Jesus Christ, that is, New
Jerusalem: “I saw no temple in it, for the Lord God Almighty and
the Lamb are its temple. The city had no need of the sun or of the
moon to shine in it, for the glory of God illuminated it. The Lamb is
its light. And the nations of those who are saved shall walk in its
light, and the kings of the earth bring their glory and honor into
it. Its gates shall not be shut at all by day (there shall be no
night there). And they shall bring the glory and the honor of the
nations into it. But there shall by no means enter it anything that
defiles, or causes an abomination or a lie, but only those who are
written in the Lamb’s Book of Life.
“And he showed me a
pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding from the
throne of God and of the Lamb. In the middle of its street, and on
either side of the river, was the tree of life, which bore twelve
fruits, each tree yielding its fruit every month. The leaves of the
tree were for the healing of the nations. And there shall be no more
curse, but the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it, and His
servants shall serve Him. They shall see His face, and His name shall
be on their foreheads. There shall be no night there: They need no
lamp nor light of the sun, for the Lord God gives them light. And
they shall reign forever and ever” (Revelation 21:22 –
22:1-5).
The afterlife for
believers that exists now is no doubt a beautiful place, but it
surely pales in comparison to the one where all believers will
ultimately live forever. This New Jerusalem comes after the Judgment
at the Great White Throne.
But those souls for whom
a true Christian should weep are likewise in a temporary place: a
horrible form of torment indeed, but their current place of agony
will be outdone by the “lake of fire,” the ultimate and
everlasting punishment, as mentioned earlier. This fate too comes
after the Great White Throne.
It must be stressed that
the “temporary hell” is not purgatory. The false doctrines of purgatory and other similar ideas imply that these lost souls
can be refined or purified after death, or prayed for and saved after death, and that their
spiritual state is more of intermediacy than agony. However, there is
absolutely nothing in Scripture to suggest such a state after death
for the atheist, agnostic, or unrepentant sinner. Death is permanent,
as are one's choices and beliefs they held at the time their soul departed. These cannot be atoned for in the afterlife. One must accept Christ while they live on Earth.
What happens between
death and final Judgment?
The notion of purgatory
brings us to a question often asked and debated among
Christians and non-believers alike: when we die, are we in a state of
“spiritual sleep,” a kind of unconsciousness in which our souls
are reserved for the Day of Judgment? Or are we, as described, sent
to bliss or banishment?
Ecclesiastes 12:7, after
describing the difficult final days of a human being and their
approaching death, states, “the dust will return to the earth as
it was, and the spirit will return to God who gave it.” Paul,
as we have already seen, refers to the dead who lived in Christ as
being “asleep.” Chapter 12 of the book of the prophet Daniel
tells us, while describing an end and a rising of the dead, uses
similar language: “many of those who sleep in the dust of
the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, some to shame and
everlasting contempt.”
These verses certainly
suggest that bliss or damnation are not found immediately
after death, but rather that the soul is kept in a sort of rest or
reserve until Judgment. Other verses however, support the notion that
one's soul tastes their ultimate eternal fate right away. Jesus' account of Lazarus and the rich man, which the author has already asserted to be a true story and not a parable, describes a complete consciousness and torment while those who still live on Earth continue to do so - the rich man mentions his brothers who have not yet died.
This debate
could go on for days between two Christians, or between a Christian
and a non-believer, but debating and arguing never led a soul to
Jesus. Whichever scenario is correct, the bottom line is made clear
by Scripture: there is an eternal paradise and an eternal damnation
that exist for the believer and the non-believer respectively.
Whether the soul is taken to the bosom of Abraham or to the bosom of
fire as soon as its body ceases to live, both are permanent, one is
amazing, the other is abhorrent.
What this author
believes on the debate is clear, but there are things in Scripture that even a
believer cannot be absolutely dogmatic about. However, this does not
apply to issues of salvation – that God's Word is inerrant and Divinely Authored, and that repentance from sin and acceptance of His Son Jesus is
the only way to eternal life. Christians can disagree on
non-salvational points in Scripture without having to accuse one
another of heresy: “is the soul conscious after death?”, “did
Jesus die only for 'the elect'?” “is the 'behemoth' described in
Job an elephant or a dinosaur?” These are not core issues of the
doctrine of Christ.
Is the soul simply
destroyed in hell?
The Scripturally unsound
“annihilationist” view of hell contends that, after a punishment
equal to one’s degree of wickedness, the soul simply “dies”
and ceases to exist, or that the afterlife for unbelievers is simply the
annihilation of the soul. Proponents of this view will note that the
lake of fire described in Revelation is referred to as “the
second death,” or will twist the meaning of Romans 6:23 to make
a summary of their view of the contrast of hell and heaven – “For
the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in
Christ Jesus our Lord.”
But what the
annihilationist fails to understand is that this verse, with the rest
of the fifth and sixth chapters of Romans (and Bible verses must be
understood in context, as with any other document), is not telling us
a life lived in unrepentant sin leads to merely the end of one’s
soul after physical death. It is actually describing the result of
sin on Earth; that the reason death reigns in our world is because of the
transgression of Adam and Eve (Romans 5:12-21). These passages tell
us that sin and death go hand in hand; it was a result of sin in the
Garden of Eden that death came into the world – “but of the
tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the
day that you eat of it you shall surely die.” This did not mean
Adam and Even would instantly drop dead, but rather that they would
surely become subject to decay and death, contrary to the life God
had given them in His Garden.
But as Romans 6:23 tells
us, it was as a result of sin that Christ died to atone for our
wrongs, to offer us the free gift of everlasting life.
The death described in
this verse does not refer to a simple snuffing out of the soul.
Jesus Himself refers to eternity for the unrepentant as “everlasting
punishment” (Matthew 25:46).
In fairness, I would be remiss if I didn't mention Jesus' words in Matthew 10:28. Though I don't believe it describes the soul's end, the text is as follows (NKJV) - "do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. But rather fear Him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell."
Are there “levels”
of hell?
Concerning a question
many people ask, “is hell the same for everyone who goes there?”,
I’d have to say no. There are different rewards in heaven, and I
believe there are different degrees, so to speak, of hell. Jesus
tells the village of Capernaum, because of their unbelief even after
the miracles He performed, that it will be “more tolerable”
for Sodom and Gomorrah than for Capernaum on the Day of Judgment.
I don’t believe the
average agnostic or atheist will experience the same kind of torment
as people like Nero or Stalin. Some people, like Osama bin
Laden or Hitler, might find themselves cast into a much more agonizing
form of eternal damnation.
This is another
non-salvational issue that does not affect the doctrine of Christ or
His Scripture. I could very well be wrong about different “degrees”
of suffering in hell.
But, again, the bottom line is
that hell is eternal, unbearable anguish for anyone who goes
there, be they the passive one who never found time or reason to repent, or the
tyrant who suppressed the name of Jesus and killed their own citizens.
And the reason, again, is the absence of God and His rich mercy.
Is Satan in charge
of hell?
No. Satan will be cast
into the lake of fire and be subject to eternal torment: “The
devil, who deceived them, was cast into the lake of fire and
brimstone where the beast and the false prophet are. And they will be
tormented day and night forever and ever” (Revelation 20:10).
He will not reign in
hell. The Bible says that Satan's dominion is actually our world. Paul
mentions the devil's spiritual activity in this world: “And you
He made alive, who were dead in trespasses and sins, in which you
once walked according to the course of this world, according to the
prince of the power of the air, the spirit who now works in the sons
of disobedience...” (Ephesians 2:1-2). “The prince of the
power of the air” refers to Satan and his demonic influence and
battles against those in Christ.
Paul also calls Satan
“the god of this age” (2 Corinthians 4:4). John says, “We
know that we are of God, and the whole world lies under the sway of
the wicked one” (1 John 5:19).
Addressing the church in
Pergamos, Jesus refers to the evil spiritual dominion Satan has
established: “I know your works, and where you dwell, where
Satan’s throne is. And you hold fast to My name, and did not deny
My faith even in the days in which Antipas was My faithful martyr,
who was killed among you, where Satan dwells” (Revelation
2:13).
It must be remembered
that God is not the “good God” and Satan “the bad god.” Satan
is a created being, and is subject to the will of God, who is
sovereign. The devil can only go so far as God allows, and is only
given what God allows. See the beginning chapters of the story of Job for an
example.
Did Jesus mention
hell?
Jesus talks about hell more than other figure in the Bible. A term often translated
“hell” when spoken by Jesus in the New Testament is “Gehenna.”
Gehenna was once the Valley of the Son of Hinnom, and became a
synonym for abomination and wickedness. It was there that two of
Judah’s most wicked kings, Ahaz and Manasseh, sacrificed their
children to the false god Molech. Gehenna became a place for burning
refuse, a landfill, and in Jewish apocalyptic literature, a synonym
for hell itself. In the ninth chapter of Mark’s account, Jesus,
speaking to Jews who would be familiar with the connotation of the
name of the valley, says that the fire of hell (“Gehenna”) “shall
never be quenched.” Also in this chapter, Jesus quotes from
Isaiah 66:24, describing a worm that does not die, and a fire that is
not quenched.
Jesus also describes
eternal torment in His condemnation of those who proclaimed Him but
did not love Him: “And these
will go away into everlasting punishment, but the righteous into
eternal life” (Matthew
25:46).
Perhaps most stirringly, He says in John 5:28-29: "for the hour is coming in which all who are in the graves will hear His voice and come forth—those who have done good, to the resurrection of life, and those who have done evil, to the resurrection of condemnation."
How should a
Christian feel about hell?
Unrelenting sorrow. Not
delight or glee at the thought of anyone spending their eternity
there. To get to hell, one must deny and never know Jesus. And why would a Christian want that for anyone?
How should a
Christian tell others about hell?
They shouldn't. A
Christian's focus should be sharing the good news – that is, the
Gospel – of Jesus Christ. Our focus should not be the damnation
that awaits those who reject this Gospel. Undoubtedly, in
conversations about Jesus and the Bible, the subject of hell can
arise, and a Christian should not be hesitant to be honest about the reality of hell. But no one will listen to those who only rave about
fire and brimstone.
The center of Christian evangelism must be centered on Jesus and the light and
life He offers, both on Earth and in eternity.
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"Conscience: Judas" by Nikolai Ge
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